2 04CrusadesFacts Essay

2 04CrusadesFacts Essay 2 04CrusadesFacts Essay 1. What is a Crusade? Restore Christian rule over the area. 2. Importance of the Holy Land: sacred for Judaism, Christianity and Islam. For Jews it is the promised homeland. For Christians this is where Jesus lived his life. For Islam Jerusalem is the holiest place on earth Where Muhammad ascended to heaven. 3. Byzantine Emperor: Alexius I Comnenus 4. Roman Catholic Pope: Most powerful figure in Europe. 5. Causes: a. ______all___ wanted forgiveness of sins & access to Christian holy sites. b. ___pope______ wanted to unify Christianity c. _____knights____ wanted adventure and treasure d. _____kings____ wanted more land e. ______merchants___ wanted to expand markets & acquire new products f. _____peasants____wanted freedom from service on the manor 6. Peter the Hermit: organized peasants and stragglers to go out and preach the word of God 7. The Crusades a. First Crusade 1096-1099 The first Crusaders, led by ___Godfrey of bouillon ______________________________, marched from Constantinople through lands held by the Seljuk Turks to Antioch. ___constantinople_______, _____Antioch______, and ____Jerusalem_______ were captured by the Crusaders. The _____Edessa__________ and __the kingdom____________ were set up. Most of the Crusaders who had survived _and __returned home___________________. b. Second Crusade 1147-1149 Enthusiasm for the Crusades was at an __all time high________________. Holy Orders of knights rode and fought, such as_____Teutonic knights___________, __Knights Hospitaller____________, and _____Knights Templar___________. However, crusader attacks were poorly organized, resulting in _____________. Similar to the First Crusade, many Crusaders ____returned home______________. c. Third Crusade 1187-1192 Saladin: thought that the Christian armies were infidels ad needed to be evicted Richard the Lionheart (King Richard I): remained to lead the Christian armies d. Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 This Crusade was started by the Pope, mostly to ____increase________ the authority of the Church. The major accomplishment of this Crusade proved to be ____weakening ___________ the Byzantines enough that they could no longer hold off ______Muslim expantion______________. e. Final Crusades 1217-1272 Crusades #5-8 were ____disorganized_____________ military efforts with _____limited support___________. 8. Overall Outcome of The Crusades: They all Failed 9. Children’s Crusade: A much debated event

Chinese Chops - The History and Usage of Chinese Seals

Chinese Chops - The History and Usage of Chinese Seals The Chinese chop or seal is used in Taiwan and China to sign documents, artwork, and other paperwork. The Chinese chop is most commonly made from stone, but can also be made in plastic, ivory, or metal. There are three Mandarin Chinese names for the Chinese chop or seal. The seal is most commonly called Ã¥  °Ã©â€˜â€˜ (yà ¬n jin) or Ã¥  °Ã§ «   (yà ¬nzhÄ ng). It is also sometimes called Ã¥Å"â€"ç «   / å› ¾Ã§ «   (tà ºzhÄ ng). The Chinese chop is used with a red paste called æÅ" ±Ã§  â€š (zhÃ… «shÄ ). The chop is pressed lightly into the æÅ" ±Ã§  â€š (zhÃ… «shÄ ) then the image is transferred to paper by applying pressure to the chop. There may be a soft surface beneath the paper to ensure a clean transfer of the image. The paste is kept in a covered jar when not in use to prevent it from drying out. History of the Chinese Chop Chops have been a part of Chinese culture for thousands of years. The earliest known seals date from the Shang Dynasty (商æÅ"  - shÄ ng cho), which ruled from 1600 BC to 1046 BC. Chops became widely used during the Warring States period (æˆ °Ã¥Å"‹æ™‚ä » £ / 战å› ½Ã¦â€" ¶Ã¤ » £ - Zhnguà ³ Shà ­di) from 475 BC to 221 BC when they were used for signing official documents. By the time of the Han Dynasty (æ ¼ ¢Ã¦Å"  / æ ±â€°Ã¦Å"  - Hn Cho) of 206 BC to 220 AD, the chop was an essential part of Chinese culture. During the history of the Chinese chop, Chinese characters have evolved. Some of the changes made to characters over the centuries have been related to the practice of carving seals. For example, during the Qin Dynasty (ç § ¦Ã¦Å"  - Qà ­n Cho - 221 to 206 BC), Chinese characters had a round shape. The need to carve them on a square chop led to the characters themselves taking on a square and even shape. Uses For Chinese Chops Chinese seals are used by individuals as signatures for many kinds of official documents, such as legal papers and bank transactions. Most of these seals simply bear the owners name and are called Ã¥ §â€œÃ¥  Ã¥  ° (xà ¬ngmà ­ng yà ¬n). There are also seals for less formal uses, such as signing personal letters. And there are seals for artworks, created by the artist and which add a further artistic dimension to the painting or calligraphic scroll. Seals which are used for government documents usually bear the name of the office, rather than the name of the official. Current Use of Chops Chinese chops are still used for a wide variety of purposes in Taiwan and Mainland China. They are used as identification when signing for a parcel or registered mail or signing checks at the bank. Since seals are hard to forge and should only be accessible to the owner, they are accepted as proof of ID. Signatures are sometimes required along with the chop stamp, the two together being an almost failsafe method of identification. Chops are also used for conducting business. Companies must have at least one chop for signing contracts and other legal documents. Large companies may have chops for each department. For example, the finance department may have its own chop for bank transactions, and the human resources department may have a chop for signing employee contracts. Since chops have such an important legal significance, they are carefully managed. Businesses must have a system for controlling the use of chops, and will often require written information each time a chop is used. Managers must keep track of the location of chops and make a report each time a company chop is used. Acquiring a Chop If you are living in Taiwan or China, you will find it easier to conduct business if you have a Chinese name. Have a Chinese colleague help you select an appropriate name, then have a chop made. The cost ranges from about $5 to $100 depending on the size and the material of the chop. Some people prefer to carve their own chops. Artists in particular often design and carve their own seals which are used on their artworks, but anyone with an artistic bent may enjoy creating their own seal. Seals are also a popular souvenir which can be bought in many tourist areas. Often the vendor will provide a Chinese name or slogan along with the Western spelling of the name.