To what ExtenT do 'Reverse Burdens' Whittle down the Rule in Essay

To what ExtenT do Reverse Burdens Whittle down the Rule in Woolmington v DPP - Essay ExampleThis paper demonstrates how reverse burdens have whittled down the self-confidence of innocence and how reverse burdens argon justified in appropriate cases. I. The Presumption of ingenuousness All persons accused of a criminal discourtesy are presumed innocent. The presumption of innocence is codified by Article 6(2) of the ECHR. Article 6(2) which is prefaced by a compensate to fair rivulet within a reasonable snip,4 provides for the presumption of innocence until guild is proven according to law.5By virtue of the Human Rights Act 1998, the ECHR is a part of the British law and all national statutes must be read and interpreted in such a way as to be compatible with the ECHR.6 The presumption of innocence means that the prosecution must prove the essential elements of the alleged offence. As Blackstones Criminal Practice notes The phrase the presumption of innocence is often used as a c onvenient abbreviation of the common-law conventionality that, generally speaking, the prosecution bears the burden of proving all the elements in the offence necessary to establish guilt.7 Specifically, the prosecution must prove that the defendant committed the act constituting the offense (actus reus) and had the requisite state of mind (mens rea).8 The common law retrieve was stated by Lord Sankey in Woolmington v DPP. In the case, the defendant was convicted of murdering his wife as a result of shooting. The defendant argued that the gun was discharged accidentally. The trial judge ruled that the defendant bore the burden of proving that he lacked the necessary mens rea. Upon appeal, the House of Lords, allowing the appeal ruled that in criminal trials, the common law rule was that the burden of proof showing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt resided with the prosecution.9 Therefore the presumption of innocence is not lost until such time as the prosecution discharges the burde n of proof beyond a reasonable. This is a primary requisite for a fair trial pursuant to Article 6 of the ECHR.10 It was held in McIntosh v Lord Advocate11 that a difficult paradox is created by the presumption of innocence and the publics interest in ensuring that the guilty are convicte